Multiprocessor system with improved secondary interconnection network

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a multiprocessor system are disclosed that may include a plurality of processors interspersed with a plurality of data memory routers, a plurality of bus interface units, a bus control circuit, and a processor interface circuit. The data memory routers may be coupled together to form a primary interconnection network. The bus interface units and the bus control circuit may be coupled together in a daisy-chain fashion to form a secondary interconnection network. Each of the bus interface units may be configured to read or write data or instructions to a respective one of the plurality of data memory routers and a respective processor. The bus control circuit coupled with the processor interface circuit may be configured to function as a bidirectional bridge between the primary and secondary networks. The bus control circuit may also couple to other interface circuits and arbitrate their access to the secondary network.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application claims benefit of priority to provisionalapplication No. 61/736,851 titled “Secondary Interconnection NetworkImprovements” and filed on Dec. 13, 2012, which is hereby incorporatedby reference in its entirety as though fully and completely set forthherein.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

This invention relates to multiprocessor systems and, more particularly,to an improved secondary interconnection network in a multiprocessorsystem having a plurality of processor elements, memories, and a primaryinterconnection network.

2. Description of the Related Art

Computer and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) Systems may be composed ofmultiple processing elements (PE), supporting memory (SM), datainterconnection networks (IN), and input and output (I/O) interfaces.With multiple PEs available, the system may support parallel algorithmsto complete tasks more quickly or to reduce the energy to complete atask. Parallel algorithms often require streaming of data at very highrates between PE and SM across the system and into and out of thesystem. In these systems the interconnection networks generally includeat least one high bandwidth (high bit per second throughput) primaryinterconnection network (PIN). The PIN is optimized for high bit persecond throughput of relatively large messages, but not especially lowlatency (point to point delivery delay).

At least one prior art multiprocessor system including a PIN has alsoincluded an additional low bandwidth secondary interconnection network(SIN). A high latency type SIN, implemented as a “serial bus” (SB) haspreviously been implemented on a multiprocessor IC chip referred to asthe HyperX hx3100A made by Coherent Logix, Inc., the assignee of thepresent application. FIG. 1 illustrates the prior art serial bus (SB),also referred to as the secondary interconnection network (SIN),implemented on the HyperX hx3100A. The prior art SIN shown in FIG. 1 wasdesigned to be embedded in a multiprocessor IC chip along with a PEs,SMs, PIN, chip I/O interfaces, power grid, and clocking network. Asshown, this serial bus architecture interconnected all PEs and SMs in along loop that meandered back and forth across the chip. This allowedthe SIN to support guaranteed message delivery (GMD) with minimum areaand power dissipation. The SIN was thus an on-chip serial bus (SB) firstaimed at providing debug support for programmers of application andsystem software. In addition, the SB was capable of being used duringsystem boot-up to load memories and perform power-on system tests. Also,the SB could be used during runtime to perform various systemadministration functions such as control of clock frequencies forindividual PE and I/O ports, setting security barriers in the PIN, andPE message passing. Lastly, the SB could also be used in IC test andevaluation.

The prior art SIN shown in FIG. 1 had a serial bus (SB) architectureorganized as a unidirectional daisy chain of links between localinterface units with both ends of the chain coupled to a serial buscontroller (SBC) unit. As illustrated in FIG. 1, a typical localinterface unit is labeled as serial bus slave (SBS) interface unit; socalled because is cannot issue commands (as described in more detailbelow). Each SBS interface unit is coupled to one PE, one SM unit, oneSB input link, and one SB output link. Each SBS unit was assigned aunique address value so that individual messages could be sent toparticular SBS units. Each SBS interface unit (SBS-IU) containedregisters and logic to translate message formats between thepredominately word-parallel formats of the PE and SM to thepredominately bit-serial formats of the SB links. Each link betweeninterface units was 2 parallel wires, with one wire carrying a datasignal (SBDATA) and the other a clock signal (SBCLK) to capture the dataat a receiver input flip-flop. The presence of a message was indicatedby multiple pulses on SBCLK, one pulse for each data bit on SBDATA; andthe absence of a message was indicated by a constant value on SBCLK.

In some embodiments, the SBS-IU may be configured with a buffer toreceive a SB message of fixed length. Initially (upon chip reset), theSBS-IU may enter repeater mode wherein it may receive a SB message offixed length and compare the address in the message header to its ownunique address. If there is no address match, the SBS-IU may pass themessage on to the next SBS-IU in the chain. In the case of an addressmatch, the SBS-IU may enter channel mode where subsequent messages aretreated as possible commands until it receives a command to return torepeater mode. The SBS-IU may be configured to decode a set of commandsfrom properly-encoded SB messages. If an SB message is not properlyencoded for one of the set of commands, then the SBS-IU ignores it. Invarious embodiments, the commands: Read and Write SBS-IU configurationregister, (reset DMR, reset PE, set clock frequency of PE, reset I/Ocircuits if present, and set PIN router security barriers), Read andWrite SM at a specific address or a block of addresses, Read and WritePE registers including message register under certain conditions, set PEbreakpoint, force PE break, single step PE, wakeup PE (let run), andenable/disable PE participation in global break signaling. For Readcommands the SBS-IU may generate a return SB message containing the readout data and sends it to the next SBS-IU in the chain. The return SBmessage may pass through the other SBS-IU in the chain (because they arein repeater mode); and may be forwarded by the SBC to the controllerthat set up the channel.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the Serial Bus Controller (SBC) is coupled toboth ends of the SB, to the Debug Access Port (DAP) Controller, and tothe Boot Controller. The SBC accepts SB messages from the DAP and Bootcontrollers, and provides return messages back to them. The main purposeof the SBC is to prevent more than one controller at a time from gainingSB access, which may produce random mixing of commands and erroneousresults. If the SB is quiescent, then either controller may initiate achannel to a SBS-IU. If a channel is already present the SBC controllerwill ignore any new attempts to initiate a channel until the current oneends. If two controllers attempt to initiate channels at the same time,then the SBC will arbitrate so that one gains access and the other SBCis ignored.

To permit PE 0,0, as depicted in FIG. 1, to send messages to the SBC andreceive result messages back from the SBC, some registers special to DMR0,0 are coupled to the Boot Controller. These special registers in DMR0,0 are not accessible by the PIN, nor by any PE other than PE 0,0. Whena particular register in DMR 0,0 is written by PE 0,0, a message istransferred to the SBC. Return SB message data from SBC may be copied toparticular registers in DMR 0,0. The software program on PE 0,0 thatmakes use of the SB may need to include appropriate delays to wait forthe relatively long latency of the SB message transport.

An improved secondary interconnection network (SIN) architecture isdesired for use in multiprocessor systems.

SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Various embodiments are disclosed of a multiprocessor system including aplurality of processors, a plurality of memories, and a plurality ofrouters. In one embodiment, each processor has an associated memory androuter, and the plurality of processors, memories and routers arecoupled together in an interspersed fashion. The plurality of routersare coupled together to form a primary interconnection network. Themultiprocessor system also includes a plurality of interface units,wherein each respective processor/router combination has an associatedinterface unit. The plurality of interface units and at least onecontroller are coupled together to form a secondary interconnectionnetwork (SIN). The plurality of interface units may be coupled togetherin a daisy-chain fashion or in multiple loops to make the secondaryinterconnection network. The at least one controller is coupled to othercontrollers and message sources outside the SIN and configured toreceive message from the sources to access the SIN, return messages tothe sources, and arbitrate requests from the sources to prevent SINcontrol errors. Multiple chains of interface units may be coupled to theSIN controller, and each chain of interface units may be configured tosupport unidirectional or bidirectional message flow.

A specified processor may be configured to couple to a SIN controller(also referred to herein as a “bus controller”). The specified processorhas an associated specified router as well as an associated at least onespecified interface unit that is coupled to the bus controller. The buscontroller is configured to send data to and receive data from the atleast one specified interface unit. In one embodiment, the at least onespecified interface unit comprises two different specified interfaceunits, each specified interface unit being associated with a respectiveprocessor, where one is configured to send data to the bus controllerand the other is configured to read data from the controller.

The bus controller may be configured to arbitrate among requests foraccess to the at least one specified interface unit. In other words, thebus controller may be configured to receive requests to access thespecified interface unit from different logic blocks and select one ofthese requests to be provided to the specified interface unit. The logicblocks which may request access to the specified interface unit mayinclude a processor interface block as well as other blocks such as ahost interface, a boot controller and a debug access port. The processorinterface block is coupled to the bus controller and also coupled to thespecified router associated with the at least one specified interfaceunit. The processor interface block is configured to allow any of aplurality of processors, or possibly all of the processors, in themultiprocessor system to use the primary interconnection network toaccess the secondary interconnection network through the specifiedrouter. The processor interface block may comprise one or more bufferregisters for buffering secondary interconnection network messages andflow control circuits to prevent message loss or duplication. The one ormore buffer registers and flow control circuits are used in enabling anyprocessor to use the primary interconnection network to access thesecondary interconnection network.

For example, the specified router may receive messages originating onthe primary interconnection network. The processor interface block mayreceive these messages from the specified router and provide thosemessages to the bus controller for provision on to the secondaryinterconnection network. Also, the processor interface block may receivemessages from the secondary interconnection network through the buscontroller and provide those messages to the specified router forprovision on to the primary interconnection network.

In one embodiment, any respective processor in the multiprocessor systemis configurable to establish: 1) a first communication pathway on theprimary interconnection network from a neighboring router of therespective processor to the specified router to create a forward path tothe secondary interconnection network; and 2) a second communicationpathway on the primary interconnection network from the specified routerto the neighboring router of the respective processor to create areverse path from the secondary interconnection network for full duplexcommunication with the secondary interconnection network.

Thus, any respective processor is operable to issue secondaryinterconnection network commands onto the primary interconnectionnetwork to the specified router for provision through the processorinterface block and the bus controller to the secondary interconnectionnetwork. Further, any such respective processor is configured to receiveresult and/or message status information from the secondaryinterconnection network provided through the bus controller and theprocessor interface block to the specified router.

The bus controller may be configured to receive commands from each oftwo or more processors and compare the received commands and thenperform an action based on the comparison. For example, if the commandsare determined to match, the bus controller may be configured to sendone of the commands to the secondary interconnection network. If thecommands are determined to not match, the bus controller may beconfigured to send a message to a programmable error handler. In oneembodiment, the specified processor has a separate communication path tothe bus controller, and the bus controller is configured to receivecommands from the specified processor and another processor. The buscontroller may be configured to compare the commands received from thespecified processor and the other processor and perform the actionsrecited above.

In some embodiments, a multichip system may comprise a plurality of theabove-described multiprocessor systems implemented on differentrespective chips and coupled together by their respective primaryinterconnection networks. In this multichip system, any processor on onechip may be able to access a secondary interconnection network on anyother chip in the multichip system.

A method for communication in a multiprocessor system may comprise thefollowing steps. First a communication path may be established on theprimary interconnection network from a first processor to the specifiedrouter associated with the specified processor. The specified router maybe connected to the processor interface block. The first processor maythen send a secondary interconnection network message through theprimary interconnection network to the specified router. The specifiedrouter may then provide the secondary interconnection network message tothe processor interface block, which in turn provides the message to thebus controller. The bus controller then provides the secondaryinterconnection network message onto the secondary interconnectionnetwork. The method is useable to enable any processor in themultiprocessor system to communicate on the secondary interconnectionnetwork.

The method may also provide for communication from the secondaryinterconnection network back to the first processor. This may involveestablishment of a reverse communication path from the specified routerto the first processor, wherein the reverse communication path isuseable for providing response information from the secondaryinterconnection network back to the first processor. The communicationmethod may comprise the bus controller receiving response informationfrom the secondary interconnection network and providing the responseinformation to the processor interface block. The response informationmay be buffered in the processor interface block. The processorinterface block may then provide the response information to thespecified router, which then provides the response information to thefirst processor over the reverse communication path.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art secondary interconnectionserial bus for a multiprocessor system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a multiprocessorsystem, including a primary interconnection network.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the secondary interconnectionnetwork of the multiprocessor system.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a router and itsassociated processor, memory and interface unit.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart diagram of one embodiment of a method whereby aprocessor communicates over the primary interconnection network toaccess the secondary interconnection network.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart diagram of one embodiment of a method wherebymessages from the secondary interconnection network are provided back tothe primary interconnection network for provision to the processor.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a multichip system embodimentwhereby primary interconnection network pathways between chips are usedto access the secondary interconnection network on remote chips.

While the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. Itshould be understood, however, that the drawings and detaileddescription thereto are not intended to limit the disclosure to theparticular form illustrated, but on the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within thespirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appendedclaims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description. Asused throughout this application, the word “may” is used in a permissivesense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatorysense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include,” “including,”and “includes” mean including, but not limited to.

Various units, circuits, or other components may be described as“configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configuredto” is a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “havingcircuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such,the unit/circuit/component can be configured to perform the task evenwhen the unit/circuit/component is not currently on. In general, thecircuitry that forms the structure corresponding to “configured to” mayinclude hardware circuits. Similarly, various units/circuits/componentsmay be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in thedescription. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including thephrase “configured to.” Reciting a unit/circuit/component that isconfigured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not toinvoke 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph six interpretation for thatunit/circuit/component. More generally, the recitation of any element isexpressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. §112, paragraph sixinterpretation for that element unless the language “means for” or “stepfor” is specifically recited.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Incorporation by Reference

U.S. Pat. No. 7,415,594 titled “Processing System With InterspersedStall Propagating Processors And Communication Elements” whose inventorsare Michael B. Doerr, William H. Hallidy, David A. Gibson, and Craig M.Chase is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as thoughfully and completely set forth herein.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/274,138, titled “DisablingCommunication in a Multiprocessor System”, filed Oct. 14, 2011, whoseinventors are Michael B. Doerr, Carl S. Dobbs, Michael B. Solka, MichaelR Trocino, and David A. Gibson is hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety as though fully and completely set forth herein.

Terms

Hardware Configuration Program—a program consisting of source text thatcan be compiled into a binary image that can be used to program orconfigure hardware, such as an integrated circuit, for example.

Computer System—any of various types of computing or processing systems,including a personal computer system (PC), mainframe computer system,workstation, network appliance, internet appliance, personal digitalassistant (PDA), grid computing system, or other device or combinationsof devices. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadlydefined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having atleast one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.

Automatically—refers to an action or operation performed by a computersystem (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g.,circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc.), without userinput directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thusthe term “automatically” is in contrast to an operation being manuallyperformed or specified by the user, where the user provides input todirectly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiatedby input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that areperformed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are notperformed “manually”, where the user specifies each action to perform.For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting eachfield and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typinginformation, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc.) is fillingout the form manually, even though the computer system must update theform in response to the user actions. The form may be automaticallyfilled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g.,software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of theform and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answersto the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automaticfilling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of theform (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields butrather they are being automatically completed). The presentspecification provides various examples of operations beingautomatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.

Interconnection Networks on Multiprocessor Systems

FIG. 2 illustrates a multiprocessor system composed of multipleprocessors, also referred to as processing elements (PE), data memoryrouters (DMRs), also referred to as supporting memory (SM), a primaryinterconnection network (PIN), a secondary interconnection network (SIN)(not shown), and input and output (I/O) interfaces. As shown, thesquares in the figure represent processors (or processing elements) andthe circles represent data memory routers (DMRs). The data memoryrouters comprise a router and a memory, wherein the memory may bereferred to as “support memory” (SM). The router and its associatedmemory may be considered as separate independent units, or alternativelymay be considered as a combined data memory router. Each processor (PE)is connected to four neighboring DMRs, although this connectivity is notshown in the figure for ease of illustration. The connections betweenthe DMRs, referred to as the DMR-to-DMR links, form a primaryinterconnection network (PIN) which allows communication in themultiprocessor system between the various processors. As shown, theplurality of processors, the plurality of memories and the plurality ofrouters are coupled together in a interspersed fashion. Although notshown in FIG. 2 (but shown in FIG. 3), the multiprocessor systemincludes a plurality of interface units, wherein each interface unit iscoupled to a respective processor (PE) and a respective router (DMR).The plurality of interface units are coupled together to form asecondary interconnection network (SIN). As discussed further below, themultiprocessor system includes an improved architecture which allows anyof the processors (at least a plural subset of the processors) tocommunicate with the SIN.

With the presence of multiple processors (PEs), the multiprocessorsystem may support parallel algorithms to complete tasks more quickly orto reduce the energy to complete a task. Parallel algorithms oftenrequire streaming of data at very high rates between PE and SM acrossthe system and into and out of the system. The primary interconnectionnetwork (PIN) is preferably a high bandwidth (high bit per secondthroughput) interconnection network that is optimized for high bit persecond throughput of relatively large messages, but not especially lowlatency (point to point delivery delay). Under conditions of lighttraffic loads most messages will sail through the PIN unobstructed.Under conditions of heavy traffic loads, messages may be blocked byother messages on the network. The PIN hardware may eventually deliver ablocked message after the traffic dies down and the blocking trafficgoes away, but in the meanwhile the PIN may reflect a busy signal to thesender.

FIG. 2 also illustrates an example planar mesh PIN in the multiprocessorsystem. Using current silicon transistor IC fabrication technology, 100or more PEs can be integrated and interconnected on a single IC chip.Systems of thousands of PEs can be made with many of these chipsinterconnected by advanced circuit boards and other substrates.

While parallel algorithms may be designed to minimize message blocking,they may not always eliminate it, especially in the development ofapplication software where the algorithm is being tuned to the hardware.Generally there is a need for one or more additional low bandwidthsecondary interconnection networks (SIN) of two types. One to supporturgent communications at lower latency than the PIN, and the other tosupport configuration and debug functions with guaranteed messagedelivery (GMD) but with higher latency. The secondary interconnectionnetwork (SIN) may, in some embodiments, be a serial bus, and thus may bereferred to herein as “serial bus” (SB).

Turning to FIG. 3, an embodiment of a secondary interconnection network(SIN) is illustrated. The SIN may be embedded in the multiprocessorsystem IC chip along with a plurality of processors (PEs), supportmemories (SMs), routers, a primary interconnection network (PIN), chipI/O interfaces, power grid, and clocking network. More specifically, asshown in FIG. 3, the multiprocessor system comprises a plurality ofprocessors (PEs) represented by circles and a plurality of data memoryrouters (DMRs) represented as rectangles in FIG. 3. As also shown, themultiprocessor system includes a plurality of interface units, whereineach interface unit is coupled to a respective processor and arespective router. The interface units are represented as the smallsquares located between the respective processor (PE) and the respectiveDMR. Each interface unit may be assigned a unique address value so thatindividual messages may be sent to particular interface units. As shown,the plurality of interface units are coupled together to form asecondary interconnection network. More specifically, the plurality ofinterface units are coupled together in a daisy chain fashion to formthe secondary interconnection network (SIN).

In some embodiments, the SIN may have a serial bus architecture tointerconnect all PEs and SMs in a long loop that meanders back and forthacross the chip. Thus one example of a SIN presented herein is anon-chip serial bus (SB). The SIN may operate to support guaranteedmessage delivery (GMD) with minimum area and power dissipation. The SINmay provide debug support for programmers of application and systemsoftware. In addition, the SIN may be used during system boot-up andanytime to load memories and perform power-on system tests. Also, theSIN can be used during runtime to perform various system administrationfunctions such as clock control management and PE message passing.Lastly, the SIN can also be used in IC test and evaluation.

In the embodiment described herein, the SIN has a serial bus (SB)architecture organized as a unidirectional daisy chain of links betweenlocal interface units with both ends of the chain coupled to a buscontroller, also referred to as serial bus controller (SBC) unit, asshown in FIG. 3. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the interfaceunit is labeled as serial bus slave (SBS) interface in FIG. 3. Eachinterface unit (SBS unit) couples to one PE, one SM unit, one SB inputlink, and one SB output link. As noted above, each interface unit (SBSunit) may be assigned a unique address value so that individual messagesmay be sent to particular SBS units. Each interface unit (SBS-IU)contains registers and logic to translate message formats between thepredominately word-parallel formats of the PE and SM to thepredominately bit-serial formats of the SB links.

The SB may support numerous commands. For example, in some embodiments,the SB commands may support parallel operations, such as, e.g., reset,zeroize, parallel load (instruction and/or data), wakeup PEs, forcebreakpoint, single step, and the like. In other embodiments, the SB maysupport commands that allow the readout of PE pipeline status andinstruction pointer, as well as, a tamper detection reset.

Each link between interface units may be N parallel wires, with small Nconserving power and large N delivering more bits per second throughput.Since throughput is not usually an issue on a SIN, a two wire (N=2) linkmay be used. One wire may carry a data signal (SBDATA) and the other aclock signal (SBCLK) to capture the data at a receiver input flip-flop.The presence of a message may be indicated by a square wave on SBCLK;and the absence of a message may be indicated by a constant value onSBCLK.

In a preferred embodiment, one of the processors is a specifiedprocessor, i.e., is preconfigured to couple to a bus controller,referred to as serial bus controller in FIG. 3. The specified processoralso has an associated “specified router” and “specified interfaceunit.” As shown, the specified router is connected to a processorinterface unit. Accordingly, any processor (PE) in the multiprocessorsystem is able to communicate with the specified router to provide arequest to access SIN. Thus, for example, if a processor (other than thespecified processor) desires to communicate on the SIN, the processorprovides a communication request to the specified router. The specifiedrouter can then forward this request to the processor interface block.The processor interface block can then forward this request to the buscontroller,

The bus controller is coupled to at least one specified interface unitand is configured to send data to and receive data from the at least onespecified interface unit. The specified interface unit forms the “entrypoint” or “access point” to the SIN. Thus the bus controller isconfigured to pass messages received at the processor interface block tothe specified interface unit and hence onto the SIN. In one embodiment,the same specified interface unit is configured for both sending andreceiving data between the SIN and the bus controller. In anotherembodiment, a first specified interface unit is configured to receivedata from the bus controller and provide it onto the SIN, and a secondspecified interface unit is configured to receive data from the SIN andprovide the data to the bus controller.

The bus controller is configured arbitrate any conflict between accessrequests, granting “one-at-a-time” access to the SIN by one of therequesting specified interface units. A number of different logic blocksmay be coupled to the bus controller and provide requests to the buscontroller for access to the SIN. These logic blocks may include a bootcontroller, a debug access port (DAP) controller, an external hostinterface, and a processor interface block. In some embodiments, thearbitration scheme and priority used by the bus controller may be fixedwhile, in other embodiments, the arbitration scheme and priority may beunder program control.

As noted above, the processor interface block is coupled to the buscontroller and also coupled to the specified router associated with theat least one specified interface unit. The processor interface block isconfigured to allow any of a plurality of processors in themultiprocessor system to use the primary interconnection network, bycommunicating through the specified router, to access the secondaryinterconnection network (SIN).

Each interface unit (SBS-IU) may be composed of a serial input register,a serial output register and additional registers to buffer its otherports, and one or more state machines to translate message formatsbetween the ports and the serial bus. When a SB command is received at aSBS-IU, the command may be tested for an initialization command. If theinitialization command is not present, the SBS-IU may remain in a bypassmode. If the initialization command is present, however, the SBS-IU maycompare an address associated with the command to a hard-wired address.When the address associated with the command matches the hard-wiredaddress of the SBS-IU, the SBS-IU interprets all subsequent commands asbeing directed to itself until an end command is received, at whichpoint, the SBS-IU reverts to bypass mode.

In various embodiments, the SB transceivers operate on the same coremaster clock as the DMRs, to prevent timing problems when performing anaccess to the DMR memory or registers. However, in some embodiments, aPE may be allowed to operate on a slower clock, potentially mis-latchingdata moving between SBC-IU and PE. In such cases, the PE may betemporarily switched to the master clock for the duration of any datatransfers with the SBC-IU.

Communication on the SIN may be accomplished using short messages offixed bit lengths by employing shift registers with parallel input andoutput. A message with a fixed length of M bits is easily captured in orsent from a shift register of the same length, although longer registersmay be used, and combinations of shorter registers totaling M bits ormore may be used. A transmitter may have an output shift register withoutput coupled to SBDATA and a shift clock coupled to SBCLK. Thetransmitter parallel loads its output shift register and then turns onthe shift clock to send out the message, stopping after M bits. Areceiver may have an input shift register with its data input coupled toSBDATA and an input clock coupled to SBCLK. After M bits have arrivedthe input shift register may be read out in parallel and this data maybe decoded for command codes, addresses, block data sizes, and data. Theuse of fixed length messages and shift registers is only an example, andother message formats may be used instead.

If a message received at a particular interface unit (SBS-IU) does notcontain a command addressed to it then the interface unit (SBS-IU) mayignore the message and relay it to the next interface unit (SBS-IU) inthe chain. If a command is addressed to the SBS-IU or is a broadcastcommand, then the SBS-IU may simply do the indicated action. If acommand requires a response message, the SBS-IU may generate a messageand send it to the next SBS-IU in the daisy chain; where after passingthrough many SBS-IUs it will emerge back at the serial bus controller(SBC) for relay to a controller waiting for it. Messages originatingfrom an SBS-IU may be the same fixed-length message format as a messagefrom the SBC, the difference being that the destination address is theSBC address.

As shown in FIG. 3 and as noted above, the bus controller (SBC) iscoupled to a Boot Controller (BC), a Debug Access Port (DAP) controller,an External Host Interface (EHI) and the processor interface block(Internal PE Interface). In addition the specified processor has anaccess path through the specified DMR to the Boot Controller and thenback into the bus controller (SBC). Each of these master controllers(Boot Controller, Debug Access Port Controller, External Host Interface,and processor interface block, may request access to the SIN. Eachmaster provides properly formatted messages to the bus controller (SBC),which may or may not detect message format errors.

As noted above, the SIN bus topology shown in FIG. 3 includes a pathwayto access the bus controller. This pathway goes from the south port ofthe specified DMR (DMR 0,0) through the processor interface block. Thispathway is for use by any internal PE. The purpose of the processorinterface block, or Internal PE Interface (IPEI), is to provide bufferregisters for SIN messages, and thereby allow any PE in the system touse the PIN to access the SIN through the south port of the specifiedDMR (DMR 0,0). In order for any processor to communicate on the SIN, thesubject PE establishes a communication pathway on the PIN in the usualway from one of its neighboring DMRs to the specified DMR (DMR 0,0); andthen provides return path information for creation of a reverse path forfull duplex communication. After establishing the forward and reversepathways the subject PE may issue SIN commands and receive results andmessage status information back from the bus controller.

An embodiment of a DMR and its associated processor, memory, andinterface unit is illustrated in FIG. 4. In the illustrated embodiments,DMR 401 includes memory 402, and router 403. Memory 402 is coupled torouter 403, which is, in turn, coupled to PE 404, and Serial Bus Slave(SBS) 405.

Router 401 may be coupled to neighboring DMRs as well as neighboringPEs. Additionally, router 401 may be coupled to memory 402 and SBS 405.In some embodiments router 401 may include a crossbar switch which maybe configured to selectively send received packets of data to one of thecoupled devices, such as, e.g., PE 404. Router 401 may, in otherembodiments, be configured to send and receive data packets betweenmultiple layers of a PIN.

Memory 402 may be designed in accordance with one of various designstyles. In some embodiments, memory 402 may include multiple StaticRandom Access Memory (SRAM) cells or any other suitable storage circuit.For example, memory 402 may include latches or flip-flop circuitsarranged as a register file.

In some embodiments, SBS 405 may be coupled to router 403 and PE 404 viadedicated ports. Additionally, SBS 405 may also be coupled other SBSunits to form the aforementioned daisy chain connection. SBS 405 may, invarious embodiments, include a serial input register and a serial outputregister that may be employed to buffer communication on the serial buslinks Additional registers may also be included to buffer other ports.In some embodiments, SBS 405 may include one or more sequential logiccircuits or state machines. Such circuits may be configured to translatemessage formats between the various ports and the serial link. SBS 405may, in various embodiments, be incorporate into DMR 401. In otherembodiments, SBS 405 may be a separate functional block.

In some embodiments, a configuration register may be located in the SBSsuch as, e.g., SBS 405 as illustrated in FIG. 4. The configurationregister may, in various embodiments, be read from or written to viausing the serial bus commands. Individual bits within the configurationregister may be set or cleared to control access to the macrocellscoupled to SBS 405, such as, e.g., a PE, a DMR, and, if present, thechip I/O port logic (NR) and/or DDR external memory controller, forsecurity purposes and to control macrocell clock rates for dynamic powersavings. Additional bits within the configuration registers may be usedto reduce leakage power by controlling transistors in series between apower supply and a given macrocell or by activating a substrate bias totransistors within a given macrocell thereby suppressing leakage throughthe transistors. The configuration register may, in various embodiments,include additional bits for controlling an additional macrocell beyondthe basic DMR and PE. For example, the additional macrocell may be anadditional layer of routing circuits within an associated DMR.

In various embodiments, the SBS configuration registers may be 21 bitslongs, and the low order 20 bits may be used to configure the localmacrocells for security and power savings. The 21^(st) bit may be alockout bit may be employed to prevent further changes and therebysecure the configuration until the next chip-wide reset.

The low order 6 bits may, in some embodiments, selectively control clockenables and resets for the local macrocells: PE, DMR, and if presentalso the chip I/O port logic (NR) and/or DDR external memory controller.The higher order bits may be for selectively disabling localcommunication ports for security purposes. In some embodiments, bit 6and bits 16 through 19 may be used to control access to the added 2^(nd)router (the B-layer router).

Registers such as those described herein may be a particular embodimentof a storage circuit. In some embodiments, a register may include one ormore latches, flip-flop circuits, or other suitable storage circuit,each one configured to store a single data bit. A register may, in someembodiments, store data responsive to a clock edge or other timingsignal.

It is noted that the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 is merely anexample. In other embodiments, different functional blocks and differentconfigurations of functional blocks are possible and contemplated.

Turning to FIG. 5, a flowchart depicting an embodiment of a methodwhereby a processor initializes communication over the primaryinterconnection network to access the secondary interconnection networkis illustrated. Referring collectively to FIG. 3 and the flowchartillustrated in FIG. 5, the method begins in block 501. A communicationpath on the primary interconnection network from a processor to aspecified router may then be established (block 502). In someembodiments, the specified router, such as, e.g., DMR 0,0 as illustratedin FIG. 3, may be coupled to a processor interface block, such as,Internal PE Interface 302 as depicted in FIG. 3, for example. In someembodiments, the specified router may be coupled to a specified PE, suchas, PE 0,0 as illustrated in FIG. 3, for example.

With the communication path established on the PIN, the processor maysend one or more second interconnection network (SIN) messages to thespecified router (block 503). In some embodiments, the SIN messages maybe formatted in accordance with communication protocols employed on thePIN. For example, the SIN messages may be divided into a series of datawords where each data word is sent bit parallel on the PIN as a flowcontrol unit (FLIT). The SIN messages may, in various embodiments, besent in a packet or a series of packets, which may include control orrouting information in addition to a data payload containing the one ormore SIN messages.

FLITs and packets arriving at the specified router (e.g., DMR 0,0 ofFIG. 3) may be forwarded under flow control to the processor interfaceblock (302 of FIG. 3) and buffered in registers. Then control androuting information may be separated from the data payload containingthe one or more SIN messages (block 504). In some embodiments, theprocessor interface block may use the control and routing informationfrom packet headers to establish one or more return paths in the PIN toone or more individual DMR or PEs via the processor interface block'sreverse coupling to the specified router.

Once sufficient data to reconstruct the first SIN message arrives in thebuffers of the processor interface block, the first SIN message may thenbe sent in a bit serial fashion to the SIN bus controller (block 503).The first SIN message may then be used to ask the SIN controller whetherit is already in use by another controller. If the SIN controller isalready in use the processor interface block may use flow controlsignaling to stall the delivery of FLITS from the coupled DMR and thePIN all the way back to the sending PE. If the SIN controller is notalready in use then the FLITs containing the second SIN message may beaccepted into the buffers of the processor interface block. In someembodiments, the alternation of accepting and stalling may be usedindefinitely. The sending PE may, in various embodiments, additionallyinsert delays of its own and use these intervals to do other work.

Upon receipt of sufficient FLITS to reconstruct a second SIN message,the processor interface block may then provide the second SIN message,in a bit serial fashion, to a SIN bus controller (block 505). The secondSIN message may be used by the SIN controller to initialize a SINchannel to a particular SBS-IU identified with its unique address (block506).

In some embodiments, the SIN bus controller, such as, e.g., serial buscontroller 301 as illustrated in FIG. 3, may be coupled to a bootcontroller, a debug access port (DAP), an external host interface, andan internal processor interface, examples of which are illustrated inFIG. 3. The SIN bus controller may then arbitrate among various requestsfrom the aforementioned blocks to select and send the secondaryinterconnection network message onto the secondary interconnectionnetwork (block 506). Once the SIN message to initialize a channel on theSIN has reached the intended SBS-IU, the method may conclude in block507. In some embodiments, a third SIN message request of the SINcontroller may be employed to confirm the intended channel wasinitialized.

In some embodiments, the bus controller may validate commands beforethey are relayed onto the secondary interconnection network. Thevalidation may be performed by comparing two identical commands sent bytwo different PEs. In some embodiments, one of the PEs may be aspecified or master PE, such as, e.g., PE 0,0 as illustrated in FIG. 3.The timing of the two commands may be controlled by software. In someembodiments, a semaphore mechanism may be employed to ensure that thewrites from the two different ports do not collide.

Once the two commands have been stored in the bus controller, thecommands may be compared. When the commands match, the command isprovided onto the secondary interconnection network. In cases when thecommands do not match, no command is provided onto the secondaryinterconnection network, and may be sent to a programmable errorhandling unit. Capabilities of the programmable error handling unit may,in various embodiments, include without limitation the ability to reporta tamper event, disable I/O circuits, “zeroize” memory, reset the chip,turn off/on clocks or power, or blow fuses to permanently disable one ofmore features of the chip.

Although the operations of the method illustrated in FIG. 5 are depictedas being performed in a serial fashion, in other embodiments, one ormore of the operations may be performed in parallel. Furthermore, in theembodiment of the method described above, a single secondaryinterconnection network message is sent from a given PE through the PINto the processor interface block, and then onto the secondaryinterconnection network through the bus controller. It is noted,however, that the message may originate from any PE included in themultiprocessor array.

An embodiment of a method whereby messages from the secondaryinterconnection network are provided back to the primary interconnectionnetwork for provision to the processor is illustrated in FIG. 6.Referring collectively to FIG. 3 and the flowchart illustrated in FIG.6, the method begins in block 601. A communication path may then beestablished from the specified router (e.g., DMR 0,0 of FIG. 3) to aprocessor (block 602). In some embodiments, the processor may be theprocessor that originated a secondary interconnection network message,such as the processor described above in regards to FIG. 5.

Once the reverse communication path has been established, a response maybe received by a bus controller, such as, e.g., serial bus controller301 as illustrated in FIG. 3, from a secondary interconnection network(block 603). The received response may then be sent from the buscontroller to a processor interface block (block 604). In someembodiments, the processor interface block, such as, e.g., internal PEinterface 302 as illustrated in FIG. 3, may include one or more bufferseach of which is configured to store received responses received fromthe secondary interconnection network via the bus controller.

Once the processor interface block has received the response from thebus controller, the processor interface block may relay the response tothe specified router, such as, e.g., DMR 0,0 as depicted in FIG. 3(block 605). The specified router may then initiate the transfer of theresponse to the target processor (block 606). In some embodiments, theresponse may travel through one or more routers along the establishedcommunication path, before arriving at the destination processor. Withthe arrival of the response at the destination processor, the method maythen conclude in block 607.

It is noted that the method illustrated in FIG. 6 is merely an example.In other embodiments, different operations and different orders ofoperations may be employed.

In some embodiments, the serial bus does not extend beyond one chip; andso in a multichip system, the several DAP ports may be multiplexedtogether and software drivers written to operate them. Depending on thecommunication chain between the multiprocessor chip and the programmer'sPC this can be tedious and slow.

Turning to FIG. 7, an embodiment of a multichip system is illustratedwhich may provide faster communication between chips included in thesystem. In the illustrated embodiment, chip 701 is coupled to chips 702through 704. In such multichip systems, a PE on one chip can access theSBC on another chip through the PIN, the target chip DMR 0,0 and theInternal PE Interface (IPEI).

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, the PE 0,0 of Chip 0 may accessthe SBCs of the three other chips. Additional chips' SBCs may beaccessed until the exit pathways from a PE are filled up, and thenadditional PEs may be employed. The PIN interchip couplings are not aswire-efficient as a true serial bus port and link between chips, i.e.,the PIN port may take 6 to 17 times more parallel wires than a serialbus port but the PIN port can be time-shared for other purposes.

While four chips are depicted in the multichip system illustrated inFIG. 7, in other embodiments, different numbers of chips and differentconfigurations of chips may are possible and contemplated.

Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It isintended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all suchvariation and modifications.

What is claimed is:
 1. A multiprocessor system, comprising: a pluralityof processors, each comprising a plurality of processor ports; aplurality of memories; a plurality of routers, wherein the plurality ofrouters form a primary interconnection network; wherein the plurality ofprocessors, the plurality of memories and the plurality of routers arecoupled together in a interspersed fashion; a plurality of interfaceunits, wherein each interface unit is coupled to a respective processorand a respective router; wherein the plurality of interface units arecoupled together to form a secondary interconnection network; a buscontroller coupled to at least one specified interface unit, wherein thebus controller is configured to send data to and receive data from theat least one specified interface unit; wherein the bus controller isconfigured to arbitrate requests for access to the at least onespecified interface unit; a processor interface block coupled to the buscontroller and also coupled to a specified router associated with the atleast one specified interface unit, wherein the processor interfaceblock is configured to allow any of a plurality of processors in themultiprocessor system to use the primary interconnection network toaccess the secondary interconnection network through the specifiedrouter.
 2. The multiprocessor system of claim 1, wherein the processorinterface block is configured to receive messages from the specifiedrouter and provide those messages to the bus controller for provision onto the secondary interconnection network, wherein the messages from thespecified router originated on the primary interconnection network; andwherein the processor interface block is configured to receive messagesfrom the secondary interconnection network through the bus controllerand provide those messages to the specified router for provision on tothe primary interconnection network.
 3. The multiprocessor system ofclaim 1, wherein any respective processor in the multiprocessor systemis configurable to establish: 1) a first communication pathway on theprimary interconnection network from a neighboring router of therespective processor to the specified router to create a forward path tothe secondary interconnection network; and 2) a second communicationpathway on the primary interconnection network from the specified routerto the neighboring router of the respective processor to create areverse path from the secondary interconnection network for full duplexcommunication with the secondary interconnection network.
 4. Themultiprocessor system of claim 1, wherein the processor interface blockcomprises one or more buffer registers for buffering secondaryinterconnection network messages, wherein the one or more bufferregisters enable any processor to use the primary interconnectionnetwork to access the secondary interconnection network.
 5. Themultiprocessor system of claim 1, wherein any respective processor isoperable to issue secondary interconnection network messages onto theprimary interconnection network to the specified router for provisionthrough the processor interface block and the bus controller to thesecondary interconnection network; wherein said any respective processoris configured to receive result and/or message status information fromthe secondary interconnection network provided through the buscontroller and the processor interface block to the specified router. 6.The multiprocessor system of claim 1, wherein the bus controller isconfigured to arbitrate requests for access to the specified interfaceunit from a plurality of circuit blocks, wherein the plurality ofcircuit blocks comprises: the processor interface block; and an externalhost interface.
 7. The multiprocessor system of claim 1, wherein themultiprocessor system is comprised on a first chip in a multichipsystem, wherein the multichip system comprises a plurality ofmultiprocessor systems on respective chips coupled together byrespective primary interconnection networks, wherein any processor onthe first chip is configurable to access a secondary interconnectionnetwork on a second chip in the multichip system.
 8. The multiprocessorsystem of claim 1, wherein the plurality of interface units are coupledtogether in a daisy-chain fashion to from the secondary interconnectionnetwork.
 9. The multiprocessor system of claim 1, wherein the buscontroller is configured to receive messages from each of two or moreprocessors; wherein the bus controller is configured to compare themessages received from the two or more processors and take an actionbased on the comparison.
 10. The multiprocessor system of claim 9,wherein, if the received messages are determined to match, the buscontroller is configured to send one of the received messages to thesecondary interconnection network; wherein, if the received messages aredetermined to not match, the bus controller is configured to send amessage to a programmable error handler.
 11. The multiprocessor systemof claim 1, wherein the specified router is associated with a specifiedprocessor, wherein the specified processor has a separate communicationpath to the bus controller; wherein the bus controller is configured toreceive messages from the specified processor and another processor;wherein the bus controller is configured to compare the messagesreceived from the specified processor and the other processor; wherein,if the received messages are determined to match, the bus controller isconfigured to send one of the received messages to the secondaryinterconnection network; wherein, if the received messages aredetermined to not match, the bus controller is configured to send amessage to a programmable error handler.
 12. A method for communicatingin a multiprocessor system, wherein the multiprocessor system comprisesa plurality of processors and a plurality of data memory routers coupledtogether in an interspersed fashion, the method comprising: establishinga communication path on a primary interconnection network from a firstprocessor to a specified router associated with a specified processor,wherein the specified router is connected to a processor interfaceblock; sending, by the first processor, a secondary interconnectionnetwork message through the primary interconnection network to thespecified router; providing, by the specified router, the secondaryinterconnection network message to the processor interface block;providing, by the processor interface block, the secondaryinterconnection network message to a bus controller; providing, by thebus controller, the secondary interconnection network message onto thesecondary interconnection network; wherein the method is useable toenable any processor in the multiprocessor system to communicate on thesecondary interconnection network.
 13. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising: establishing a reverse communication path from the specifiedrouter to the first processor, wherein the reverse communication path isuseable for providing response information from the secondaryinterconnection network back to the first processor.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, further comprising: receiving, by the bus controller, responseinformation from the secondary interconnection network; providing, bythe bus controller, the response information to the processor interfaceblock; providing, by the processor interface block, the responseinformation to the specified router; providing, by the specified router,the response information to the first processor over the reversecommunication path.
 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising:buffering the secondary interconnection network messages at theprocessor interface block.
 16. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising: arbitrating, by the bus controller, requests for access tothe first bus interface unit from a plurality of circuit blocks, whereinthe plurality of circuit blocks comprises the processor interface blockand an external host interface.
 17. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising: receiving, by the bus controller, messages from two each ortwo or more processors of the plurality of processors; and comparing thereceived messages from the two or more processors and perform an actiondependent upon the comparison.
 18. The method of claim 17, furthercomprising: sending one of the received messages to the secondaryinterconnection network responsive to a determination that the receivedmessages match; and sending a message to a programmable error handlerresponsive to a determination that the received messages do not match.19. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving, by the buscontroller, messages from a specified processor and another processor,wherein the specified processor is associated with the specified router,and wherein the specified processor has a separate communication path tothe bus controller; comparing the received messages from the specifiedprocessor and the another processor; sending one of the receivedmessages to the secondary interconnection network responsive to adetermination that the received messages match; and sending a message toa programmable error handler responsive to a determination that thereceived messages do not match.
 20. A multiprocessor system, comprising:a plurality of processors, each comprising a plurality of processorports; a plurality of data memory routers, each comprising a pluralityof communication ports, a first memory, and a routing engine; whereinthe plurality of processors and the plurality of data memory routers arecoupled together in a interspersed fashion, wherein the plurality ofdata memory routers form a primary interconnection network; a pluralityof interface units, wherein each interface unit is coupled to arespective processor and a respective data memory router; wherein theplurality of interface units are coupled together to form a secondaryinterconnection network; a bus controller coupled to at least a firstinterface unit and a second interface unit, wherein the bus controlleris configured to send data to the first bus interface unit, and receivedata from the second bus interface unit; wherein the bus controller isconfigured to arbitrate requests for access to at least the first andsecond interface units; a processor interface block coupled to the buscontroller and also coupled to a first data memory router associatedwith the first interface unit, wherein the processor interface block isconfigured to allow any of a plurality of processors in themultiprocessor system to use the primary interconnection network toaccess the secondary interconnection network through the first datamemory router.
 21. The multiprocessor system of claim 20, wherein theprocessor interface block is configured to receive messages from thespecified router and provide those messages to the bus controller forprovision on to the secondary interconnection network, wherein themessages from the specified router originated on the primaryinterconnection network; and wherein the processor interface block isconfigured to receive messages from the secondary interconnectionnetwork through the bus controller and provide those messages to thespecified router for provision on to the primary interconnectionnetwork.
 22. The multiprocessor system of claim 20, wherein anyrespective processor of the plurality of processors is configurable toestablish: 1) a first communication pathway on the primaryinterconnection network from a neighboring router of the respectiveprocessor to the specified router to create a forward path to thesecondary interconnection network; and 2) a second communication pathwayon the primary interconnection network from the specified router to theneighboring router of the respective processor to create a reverse pathfrom the secondary interconnection network for full duplex communicationwith the secondary interconnection network.
 23. The multiprocessorsystem of claim 20, wherein the processor interface block comprises oneor more buffer registers for buffering secondary interconnection networkmessages, wherein the one or more buffer registers enable any processorto use the primary interconnection network to access the secondaryinterconnection network.
 24. The multiprocessor system of claim 20,wherein any respective processor is operable to issue secondaryinterconnection network messages onto the primary interconnectionnetwork to the specified router for provision through the processorinterface block and the bus controller to the secondary interconnectionnetwork; wherein said any respective processor is configured to receiveresult and/or message status information from the secondaryinterconnection network provided through the bus controller and theprocessor interface block to the specified router.
 25. Themultiprocessor system of claim 20, wherein the bus controller isconfigured to arbitrate requests for access to the specified interfaceunit from a plurality of circuit blocks, wherein the plurality ofcircuit blocks comprises: the processor interface block; and an externalhost interface.
 26. The multiprocessor system of claim 20, wherein themultiprocessor system is comprised on a first chip in a multichipsystem, wherein the multichip system comprises a plurality ofmultiprocessor systems on respective chips coupled together byrespective primary interconnection networks, wherein any processor onthe first chip is configurable to access a secondary interconnectionnetwork on a second chip in the multichip system.
 27. The multiprocessorsystem of claim 20, wherein the plurality of interface units are coupledtogether in a daisy-chain fashion to from the secondary interconnectionnetwork.
 28. The multiprocessor system of claim 20, wherein the buscontroller is configured to receive messages from each of two or moreprocessors; wherein the bus controller is configured to compare themessages received from the two or more processors and take an actionbased on the comparison.
 29. The multiprocessor system of claim 28,wherein, if the received messages are determined to match, the buscontroller is configured to send one of the received messages to thesecondary interconnection network; wherein, if the received messages aredetermined to not match, the bus controller is configured to send amessage to a programmable error handler.
 30. The multiprocessor systemof claim 20, wherein the specified router is associated with a specifiedprocessor, wherein the specified processor has a separate communicationpath to the bus controller; wherein the bus controller is configured toreceive messages from the specified processor and another processor;wherein the bus controller is configured to compare the messagesreceived from the specified processor and the other processor; wherein,if the messages are determined to match, the bus controller isconfigured to send one of the received messages to the secondaryinterconnection network; wherein, if the messages are determined to notmatch, the bus controller is configured to send a message to aprogrammable error handler.